The term water-energy nexus describes the interdependence, and often competing demands, of two of the world’s most valuable resources: water and energy. Following agriculture, the energy industry is the second-largest user of freshwater. Water is essential to harness, extract and produce energy. In turn, energy is required for water production, treatment, circulation and disposal. The greater the strength of the nexus between the two, the greater the risks posed by this interdependence. A disruption in the supply of one resource will lead to similar disruptions in the other. The nexus is an integrated view of resources that spans many sectors to allow for a greater understanding and appreciation of the complex relationship between water and energy. This enables the identification of potential trade-offs and synergies so that policy and technologies may be developed to help manage these resources sustainably. The water-energy nexus is not a new model, however, the constraints and vulnerabilities associated with it are becoming more prominent, due to the disrupting effects of climate change and the resource demands that accompany population growth and economic development. This water-energy nexus affects each country differently, as demonstrated by Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, South Africa and Indonesia.
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